10 December 2023

Susan Nulsen's paintings used in 2023 calendar

Cover

 

A work in progress: Murchison River Gorge
from a photograph by Leonie Nulsen

January

Huron Avenue in January,
my first original painting in Ann Wiseman's class


February

My life journey in the style of a journey stone


March

Still life with a silver tin


April

Calla lily drawn in a pastel workshop


May

A still life with apples done in pen and watercolor crayons,
 in a class with Ann Wiseman



June

A day lily from our back porch


July

Adams House and Harvard Lampoon Building,
view from Mt Auburn St.


August

Abel Tasman National Park, New Zealand
painted in online class with Mike Southern


September

Juniper, Cheryl Suchors' dog


October

Looking at Sandy Pond through trees
at De Cordova Sculpture Park,
experimenting with a different style


November

Weeks Footbridge from a HSSPA photograph


December

Smith's Beach on Christmas Day 2019




10 November 2023

23F Week 9. AI: What It Means for All of Us -- Whether We Like It or Not

Focus talk from personal experience by Susan Nulsen, delivered by Martha Nielsen

                                                                   Me and AI


What is AI?  Ever since people have been people they have been trying to create artificial intelligence.  You might say it goes back to stories of gods creating artificial life out of clay.  In more modern times people used the art of the clockmaker to make ingenious figures that could, on the hour, come out of a door on a clock and perform a little act.  Mechanical automata entertained thousands of people and still do.  But we wanted to create something that could recreate the mind of a human, in other words, computers that could think like people. Mechanical calculating machines culminated in Charles Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engine in the mid 19th century, but Babbage was unable to build these machines with the technology, and funding, of the time.  In fact only the Difference Engine has ever been built.  The main part was finished in 1991 and it was finally completed in 2002.  It contains 8000 parts and weighs five tons! The Analytical Engine is even more complex and was designed to be programmed using punched cards, like those used to specify the patterns for jacquard looms.


The first difference engine built, on display in the
London Science Museum
The Difference Engine was designed to calculate
tables of mathematical functions.
Photo credit: Wikipedia user: geni

Ada Lovelace   Daguerreotype by Antoine Claudet 1843 or 1850

            

Of course Babbage's machines needed programming.  Ada Lovelace, daughter of the poet Lord Byron, is credited with being the first person ever, apart from Babbage himself, to write a computer program.  As I understand it, she was the first to realize that computers could be used more generally than for just calculating numbers.


Perhaps my talk should be called “Me and Computers”.  My first contact with computers came when I was sixteen in high school and learned how to write simple programs that could do things like find all the prime numbers less than a given number or find what day of the week any day in the Gregorian calendar fell on.  It was fun! (We had no exams and no assignments.)  At university programming was not part of my course.  Instead I had the experience, in Applied Mathematics, of using mechanical calculators which were about the size and shape of a heavy mechanical typewriter.  After you set them up you furiously turned a handle while cogs chugged and whirred until the answer popped up.  The electric ones turned the handle for you and practically bounced off your desk in the process.  That was fun too, for an hour or so.

In the physics lab I was able to experience using an early desktop computer, but the most interesting thing was when one of the mathematics lecturers informally introduced us to “perceptrons”. He was trying out the concept of crowd-sourcing before that was even a word! 


A single perceptron is a model of a single neuron and by connecting a network of them together you can try to model the workings of a brain.  Mathematically a perceptron can be viewed as a plane that divides a space of many dimensions into two.  If the space is populated with the objects of interest you can use a series of these planes to box in objects of one sort and separate them from the rest.  The trick is in deciding how to connect the outputs of each perceptron to the inputs of the others.  You can then train your network on a set of objects reinforcing connections when you get the response you want and weakening them when you get the wrong answer.  Paul, now my husband, and I worked on this together.  We first of all taught our network how to play noughts and crosses.  And then we were able to train it to recognize hand written examples of the letter “A” regardless whether it was written in upper or lower case.  By the way, punched paper cards were used to program one of the computers we had access to.  Just like Babbage and the looms.

At this stage our project was shelved as we had more important things, like exams, to spend our time on.  And poor Mike, the lecturer, never got a proper report on what we had achieved.

Looking back I think we were remarkably successful.  Of course the way we did it was certainly an overkill.  This technique is now known as a deep neural network or DNN.  It went out of favour and received very little attention for many years because people mistakenly believed it was incapable of bundling separated regions (like upper case “A” and lowercase “A”) together. Now it is a very important part of modern AI.

Schematic diagram illustrating the classification of 

hand-written images of the letter "A". 

In two dimensions a plane becomes a line.


When I was working in a solid state physics group in the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge (England) again I used a desktop computer, this time for making calculations of the intensities of x-ray diffraction patterns - classic crystallography. I also was able, with the help of the electronics workshop, to build a little microprocessor based computer to control the temperature of ovens I used to grow crystals in.  This computer used the same CPU chip, a 6502, [sixty-five oh two] as the Apple II one of the first successful personal computers.  I then had the fun of programming everything in machine language, which is just a series of numbers.

It was also while we were in Cambridge, in 1983,  that we acquired our first personal computer.  This computer included a chip that was able to analyze sound into a number of frequency bands.  We were intending to try experimenting with speech recognition.  But once again life had other ideas.  Instead we had a baby and moved back to Australia.

There I was out of a job and in the civil service capital of the country, Canberra (which is also the real capital).  There seemed to be an infinite number of computing jobs and no physics jobs for someone like me, so I decided I should do a computing course. By the time I finished that, I had had another baby and, now that I had a better idea of what it entailed, the thought of working in one of those civil service jobs seemed stultifying.  Fortunately one of my lecturers offered me a job as a research assistant on her speech recognition project.  This took me right back to the plans we had had when we got our first home computer.  I enjoyed this work but once again we were on the move, this time to Wollongong. [Pronounced like “woollen gong”.]

Before we left Canberra my boss, Mary, took me out to lunch and offered me the opportunity to do a PhD on automatic speech recognition with her.  It would have to be long distance which did turn out to be a disadvantage and cause the process to take longer than it should have but I think I would still choose to accept.  The result was that I was doing most of the work, including deciding what I would work on, on my own.  

Automatic speech recognition is another important part of A.I.  At first I continued the type of work I had been doing in analyzing the sound waves from different samples of speech.           

Waveform of a person saying the word "heed".
This shows air pressure versus time.
The first three segments marked on the waveform
correspond to the sounds  of  "h", "ee" and "d".
The final segment is the release of breath after the "d". 

A spectrogram of the same sound, the word "heed".
This shows frequency versus time. In the vowel "ee"
you can see four strong frequency bands or formants.
Credit: Macquarie University Department of Linguistics

That proved extraordinarily difficult.  Too many speech sounds are almost impossible to distinguish unambiguously.  This led to my second approach which was to look at the context of the sounds.  What sounds can become before and after a given sound?  I had access to a large corpus of data from court transcripts.  I was able to work out a sort of grammar for the sounds of speech in Australian English.  This is also the statistical technique that is used for completing (and correcting) text that you type into your computer or your phone.  It is called a language model. It is the same idea that is used in the large language models of ChatGPT for example.


Now I still use computers to help interpret various forms of light from the heavens and to model the behavior of galaxies and the gas they are embedded in, but I don’t believe that has any relevance for AI!  Never-the-less people around me need to use AI to make it possible to interpret the huge amount of data that is flooding in from missions such as the JWST. [John Webb Space Telescope]


I feel as if I have spent my working life on the edges of the sea of AI, now and again dipping my toes in and even going as far as getting ankle-deep with my work on speech recognition.  AI  has come a long way since the days when I was experimenting with it.  It has not leapt fully formed from the ether, but it has developed steadily over many decades.  It is a tool which has much to offer the world. 


The thing that scares me most about AI and tools like ChatGPT is that it will become impossible to distinguish truth!  It could mean the end of the internet and sharing data.  Can you imagine a world without computers?  Of course you ought to be able to - that was the world most of us grew up in - but I don’t know if I can.


Another thing which scares me even more, if that is possible, doesn’t relate directly to AI at all.  It is that the vast computing power that quantum computing promises to deliver would make all our passwords and forms of identification simple to bypass.  Nothing will be uncrackable.


Humanity has some work to do.


With those cheery thoughts I will end my talk.


Thank you Martha for delivering it!!

Susan

21 September 2023

23F Week 1. Exciting Discoveries about the Universe Enabled by New Tools


Welcome to the 51st year of WomenExplore!

This series is entitled WomenExplore Reimagined  Fall 2023

What does this mean?


When covid caused the Spring 2020 lectures to be postponed, we spent our meetings learning how to use Zoom instead.  Thankfully every one of our wonderful speakers was able to transition to the fall and we had a very successful online lecture series.


We had been expecting that everything would return to normal and we would soon be back in our old home at the Democracy Center.  However that was not to be, and through the succeeding series we discovered the advantages and disadvantages of operating online.


The risk of disease transmission disappeared, as did our travel time and parking problems.  Distance now presents no obstacle and we can welcome people from across the country or even across continents.  It was certainly safe and convenient for the participants.

There was no more need to pay rent and even the need for a postcard disappeared as everyone had an email address.  So WE has been able to operate without asking for a registration fee.  Another big advantage is the vast reservoir of online material in the form of video or audio, images or text,  material that can be incorporated into our meetings.  Mary Rose Muti demonstrated this when she organized a lecture with excerpts from two videos on the topic of “Our Home: Taking Care of the Earth”.  Robin Wall Kimmerer would never have been able to speak to us in person, even on Zoom, while for us on the other side of the screen it was almost like having her there.


Of course, every silver lining has a cloud!  We quickly found that free-flowing discussions didn’t translate very well to Zoom.  It was necessary to have a facilitator to call on people.  Even going around in order doesn’t work because everyone’s order is different.  This made our traditional planning sessions difficult to implement.  To add to the difficulty, sitting in one place in front of a screen for 2 or 3 hours is very uncomfortable.  To then transition to another hour of planning becomes impossible.


By far the biggest drawback is the loss of the one-to-one personal contact that we all shared: the hugs and the laughter.


Once it became clear that the future of WomenExplore was going to be online, we needed  to examine how to exploit the advantages while minimizing the negatives.


The result of this examination is “WomenExplore Reimagined”.  


Notice that I have not called this series of meetings a lecture series,  nor does the series have an over-arching theme.  The Fall 2023 series of meetings will continue our focus on identifying and exploring the important issues of our day, along with investigating topics of interest to the women who attend. 

This Fall we are having alternating formal and informal weeks.  We have called the formal weeks “Exploring and Discussion”, and the informal ones “Painting and Conversation”.

What? “Painting”?   An exciting bonus this fall is watercolor lessons entitled "Virtual Painting Across Continents!" by well-known artist Ival Stratford Kovner, MS, MFA.  These workshops will take place on informal weeks from 11 am to noon, when these meetings are Zoom.  The second hour (noon to 1 pm) will be a sharing and caring meeting with the option to ask for feedback or support. Finally, from 1 to 2 pm participants share their reflections on the most recent Exploring and Discussion meeting.

The more formal weeks begin with an hour in which everyone has a couple of minutes to describe what is happening in their lives or their reflections on current events.  One, two, or even three (we haven’t tried that yet) individuals take on the task organizing the final two hours on a topic that is of interest to them. This presentation has no set format.  It can even be an in-person gathering.

One thing that remains constant is that the online forums each week will go from 11 am to 2 pm, whatever takes place.  In-person gatherings may vary from this timing.

Today we are having a lecture preceded by three short talks to ground the topic “Exciting Discoveries about the Universe Enabled by New Tools.” in the experiences of our participants.  As some of you know, I myself work part-time at the Center for Astrophysics.  Although I was not trained as an astrophysicist I have always called myself a physicist and one of the biggest influences in making that career choice was spending my formative years in the dry and isolated outback of Australia.  Lying on the ground, facing the sky the stars surround you and they feel so close that you can reach out and hold them.  Furthermore in the Southern Hemisphere we are privileged to get a good view of the center of the Milky Way and our two small companion galaxies the Magellanic Clouds. These are hidden below the horizon when you are in the north.  The picture on this series’ postcard is of the Andromeda Nebula our sister galaxy. 

The person who instigated  this topic was Barbara Sweet.

Barbara was born and brought up in Holyoke, Massachusetts.  She attended nearby Mount Holyoke College, majoring in psychology.  After graduation, she moved to Boston and joined Houghton Mifflin Publishing Company.  She worked there for 27 years, mainly as an editor in their social studies textbook department.  Afterwards she became a freelance editor, did volunteering -- and discovered TOP, which became WE!


Lindsa Vallee

lindsa has been enjoying stars and constellations since her mother painted orion on lindsa's bedroom ceiling with glow in the dark paint.............lindsa has been singing to the moon for most of her life as a woman, mother and crone............as well as calling to the mysteries of the galaxies for inspiration and magic……..


Mary Rose Muti

MaryRose Muti is a retired nurse, a wife, a mother and grandmother of seven. she is very curious and loves learning new things. One of her grandsons is very excited about learning about the cosmos. He already knows a lot more than she does so he has piqued her curiosity about the Night Sky. She will share more in her brief talk. Thank you.


Click here to hear some of the introduction and the three focus talks.




Today, 14th September, the first meeting of this series is a formal lecture by astrophysicist Dr Saeqa Vrtilek of the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, author of New Windows on the Universe. She will discuss new means of exploring the universe. 

Born in Dhaka, Bangladesh, Saeqa Vrtilek has a BS in Physics from MIT, an MS in Physics from Brandeis University, and an MS and PhD in Astronomy from Columbia University. 

She first got interested in Astronomy her freshman year in college when she took a freshman seminars on astrophysics, biophysics, and nuclear physics.  The astrophysics was taught by Phillip Morrison (who used to write book reviews for Scientific American).


She is currently a Research Associate at the Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian where she has worked as an Astrophysicist for over 30 years.  She has been a visiting Professor at U. of Maryland and Harvard University and an NAS/NRC Fellow at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center .  She is a fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.  She has been awarded a Marie Curie Fellowship by the American Association of University Women and a Science Fellowship by the Radcliffe Bunting Institute. Her areas of interest include the physics of accretion disks and jets, multi wavelength studies of X-ray binaries and planetary nebulae, science education, and public outreach.

Click here to hear Saku's lecture.

09 June 2023

Peonies by Mary Oliver

 

Peonies

by Mary Oliver

Mary Oliver                   

This morning the green fists of the peonies are getting ready
to break my heart
as the sun rises,
as the sun strokes them with his old, buttery fingers

and they open ---
pools of lace,
white and pink ---
and all day the black ants climb over them, 

boring their deep and mysterious holes
into the curls,
craving the sweet sap,
taking it away

to their dark, underground cities ---
and all day
under the shifty wind,
as in a dance to the great wedding, 

the flowers bend their bright bodies,
and tip their fragrance to the air,
and rise,
their red stems holding

all that dampness and recklessness
gladly and lightly,
and there it is again ---
beauty the brave, the exemplary, 

blazing open.
Do you love this world?
Do you cherish your humble and silky life?
Do you adore the green grass, with its terror beneath? 

Do you also hurry, half-dressed and barefoot, into the garden,
and softly,
and exclaiming of their dearness,
fill your arms with the white and pink flowers, 

with their honeyed heaviness, their lush trembling,
their eagerness
to be wild and perfect for a moment, before they are
nothing, forever? 

                 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

28 April 2023

23S Week 8. Our Home:Taking Care of Earth


—with Paula Chandoha and Mary Rose Muti

Paula Chandoha gave a focus talk about how her family cares for their farm.


Mary Rose Muti introduced two videos of Robin Wall Kimmerer.
The first video was a Science Friday interview (29 minutes) 


27 April 2023

23S Week 7 Nature Walk through Mt Auburn Cemetery

—led by Mary Margaret Halsey.

We met inside the gate at 11 am on Thursday 20th April and were fortunate in having perfect day for our walk.

Our first objective was to locate the gravestone of our past president, Elaine Fisher.  This proved somewhat more difficult than expected, but Catherine finally spotted it.
 

In 2014 Elaine had given a focus talk on "What Matters to Me and Why". She showed many of her photographs, including the pair "Crossing the Street / Returning".  She chose the first of these images to engrave on her gravestone.  Elaine has now crossed the street never to return.  She added a haiku by Kobayashi Issa (Issa="a cup of tea") one of "the Great Four" haiku masters in Japan.


            A lovely thing to see:
            through the paper window's hole,
            the Galaxy


Entering the cemetery was like stepping into another world.  As we proceeded MaryMargaret taught us to listen attentively, to be really present.  I heard the sounds of birds I had never heard before.

One of the first things to take my breath away was this magnificent sugar maple with its tasseled flowers blowing in the breeze.
Many of the trees were still bare while others were covered in blossom and yet others had large leaves.


We were immersed in beauty.

MaryMargaret gathered us together to hear the prologue of Peter Wohl's book, Wild Mind, Wild Heart, a piece called "Sacred Scrolls" by Robert NashuWa, a Passamaqouddy Native American spiritual practitioner.





A final jewel in my time at Mt Auburn was to watch a very rare leucistic, pure white, song sparrow hopping from a garden bed to a bare bush and back again. (Unlike albinism, leucism only affects the color of the feathers not other parts of the body.)

Mt Auburn Cemetery is an inspiring place, an escape from all our worries and cares.  As Lindsa described it, it is a bubble, isolated from the rest of the world.